Zero
Hunger Target and The Implementation In Indonesia
Efforts to fulfill the
needs for food are always the main topic discussed in various world forums,
including the SDGs on the second point. It is big vision that in 2030 the world
must meet its food needs. To actualize Zero Hunger, a comprehensive effort is
needed to ensure that everyone can get enough food every day. The result of
this idea, community empowerment is also considered important, family
agriculture must be prioritized, and the food system in each country must be
sustainable and resilient (Wahyuni,
2015). Zero Hunger can also be realized by giving full nutrition to two-years
old children so that growth is not hampered. With the implementation of zero
hunger the certainty of 100 percent access to food are increased throughout the
year, sustainable food systems, increased productivity and income of small
farmers, and no more food is wasted.
Food is a basic human
need that continues to increase along with the increase in population.
According to the General Comment Number 12 of the Committee on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (CESCR), the right to food has been recognized internationally
as one of the basic rights of humanity. Provision of adequate food, both in
terms of quantity and quality for the entire population so that they can meet a
decent standard of living is a state obligation[1]. Law No. 18 of 2012
concerning Food (Food Law) confirms that fulfilling basic needs is an integral
part of human rights guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of
Indonesia as a basic component to create quality human beings[2].
Urban areas that have far
more population than land for agriculture create problem because food needs are
not easy to supply, The problem is the availability and ability of the
community to fulfill them because the tendency of food prices in urban areas to
be more expensive is considered burdensome. While in rural areas that can meet
their food needs, other problems when occurs the production of their land
cannot be traded because of inappropriate quality and prices, which makes them to
lose money. Efforts to eradicate hunger are very relevant in Indonesia, given that
there are still many problems with food insecurity, most of which are caused by
access to unbalanced food throughout the year.
CNN report on the 2015
world food day with Executive Director of the United Nations World Food Program
(WFP) Ertharin Cousin stated that by working together, all communities can
reduce the changes needed, including ending severe poverty to actualize the
ideals of zero food insecurity. He also added that the community must take part
in encouraging small farmers and ensuring access to nutritious food in a full
year for those who have the most vulnerable conditions, by investing in social
security programs.
Government
strategic policy
Food is a basic need for
humans to survive. Food sufficiency is a basic right that must be fulfilled.
Food security has an important influence on security. The threat to food
security has resulted in Indonesia frequently importing food products to meet
domestic needs. In a situation where the population is still increasing in
number, threats to food production have raised some concerns. Therefore,
Indonesia needs additional food and it is land in the future (Sucihatiningsih, 2017).
Article 3 of the Food Law
mandates the implementation of food to fulfill basic human needs that provide
benefits in a fair, equitable and sustainable manner based on food sovereignty,
food independence, and food security3. It is directed at implementing
populist agribusiness-based food sovereignty that can provide food for all
communities to individuals at reasonable and affordable prices to support the
implementation of healthy, active, productive and qualitied Indonesian human
beings.
In general, food
sovereignty has four prioritized areas, namely: (1) the right to food; (2)
access to productive resources; (3) mainstreaming environmentally friendly
production; and (4) local trade and markets (International Planning Committee
for Food Sovereignty, 2006). The right to food is related to the development of
a human rights approach to food and nutrition that is culturally accepted,
while access to productive resources is linked to access to land, water, and
genetic resources[3].
The Food Law defines food
sovereignty as the right of the state and nation that independently determines
food policies that guarantee the right to food for the people and gives the community
the right to determine the food system that is following the potential of local
resources. Such fulfillment of food is derived from domestic production and
national food reserves. Food imports are the last effort to meet the food needs
of the people if these needs cannot be met from both of the national food
sources. Thus, it is understandable that the government seeks self-sufficiency
for some staple and strategic food in a sustainable manner. The government also
began to seriously develop food reserves, especially rice.
Efforts
to fulfill food needs
Food policy in the
Jokowi-JK era contained in “Nawacita” became the foundation of the government's
work program, namely achieving food self-sufficiency in the context of national
food security. It is more important to side with the farmers whose future is
increasing welfare. Jokowi emphasized that three things must be underlined,
namely adequate food for the community, reducing poverty, and the welfare of
farmers. These three goals serve as the basis to conduct out the government's
food policy. It was then implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture through a
variety of breakthrough agricultural development policy programs by optimizing
land and adding planting area, improving infrastructure and providing
assistance for farming facilities, as well as structuring human resources.
The Ministry of
Agriculture has set a target for achieving food self-sufficiency. First, 2016
is targeted at rice self-sufficiency, shallots, and chili. Second, 2017 is
targeted at corn self-sufficiency. Third, 2019 is targeted at self-sufficiency
in sugar consumption. Fourth, it is targeted to be self-sufficient in soybeans
and garlic in 2020. Fifth, in 2024 it is targeted to be self-sufficient in
industrial sugar. Sixth, in 2026 it is targeted at being self-sufficient in beef.
Seventh, in 2045 the Ministry of Agriculture targets Indonesia to become the
world's food barn. It should also be noticed that, in 2018 focuses on poverty
alleviation. The number of poor people in rural March 2017 is 17.1 million
people or 13.9 percent. Prosperous Surgery Program for the Prosperous People is
a concrete step to alleviate the farming community from poverty. This program
is designed to drastically reduce poverty to under 10 percent. The Ministry of
Agriculture also issued a policy related to structuring agricultural human
resources and management including the auction of competency and
performance-based positions transparently and competitively, applying reward
and punishment to regions related to the ability to absorb budgets and achieve
production targets, carrying out daily monitoring and evaluation, releasing
sectoral ego and forming Team that one free of illegal levies, and forming a
task force to conduct supervision[4].
Government efforts must
be supported because it prioritizes the availability of local food as a
priority, and does not force consumption of food sources that lack
availability. Thus, it will help price stability according to market law
"supply-demand". Indonesian food security has also improved become
better: there are no problems at any time because of the shortage of one of the
commodities that come in turns. The government needs to change the Presidential
Regulation on Basic Goods to be a Minimum Nutrition Requirement. From there, it
can be explained where the needs are met from, what alternatives are available,
where they are produced, and where they are consumed. All of that must be
summarized in the Roadmap Towards Food Security Based on Fulfillment of
Nutritional Values.
Refferences
International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty. 2006. International
Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty (IPC) Agricultural Biodiversity Working
Group. Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture: the perspectives of
small‐scale food providers. Thematic Study for FAO’s report “State of the
World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture”.
Sucihatiningsih. 2017.
Strategy for Realizing Food Security. https://unnes.ac.id/pakar/strategi-mewujudkan-ketahanan-pangan/. Economic Faculty. UNNES.
Wahyuni. 2015. Tantangan Zero Hunger Demi Berantas Kelaparan. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20151019181013-262
85877/tantangan-zero-hunger-demi-berantas-kelaparan. CNN Indonesia
The Right to Food. CESCR General Comment No.
12: The Right to Adequate Food (Art.
11). Adopted at the Twentieth Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on 12 May 1999
(Contained in Document E/C.12/1999/5) . https://www.escr-net.org/rights/food.
https://www.kompasiana.com/simanungkalitrai/55ecdaafa5afbd25058b4567/terobosan-dasar-kebijakan-pemerintah-untuk-mendukung-ketahanan-panga
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